Geoengineering the Subsurface

Geoengineering the Subsurface
Fluid injection and storage are crucial players in the future energy landscape to mitigate GHG emissions and meet the continuous demand of consumers. Carbon dioxide's injection technologies are being explored to quickly reduce emissions through reuse or permanent mineralization underground. Similarly, subsurface rocks are being explored to provide storage capacity of energy from renewable sources so as to address the strong natural fluctuations of the supply. Any of these technologies needs experimentation to ensure efficacy and safety of the outcome, and promote a wider public acceptance.
Underground Storage of Fluids

Anthony Clark
Laboratory Manager
Tiziana Vanorio
Faculty
The underground storage fluids (gases and liquids) has the goal of storing energy (e.g., H2 or Methane) and residual products (e.g., CO2) in underground caverns, in the pore space of rock formations, or through the mineralization of the fluid into stable solid minerals. We are studying Whatever the technology, fluid storage in porous solid media involves chemical processes. We are studying the effect of these processes on the physical and mechanical properties of the host rock.
Carbonation

Anthony Clark
Laboratory Manager
CO2 is injected at supercritical conditions (scCO2), which provide CO2 with the diffusivity of a gas and the the solvating power of a liquid. Carbonation is a reaction between CO2 and metal oxides or silicates that leads to the formation of calcite or other carbonate minerals. This type of mineralization of CO2 decreases permeability and increases the brittleness of the material.
Dissolution

Anthony Clark
Laboratory Manager
Tiziana Vanorio
Faculty
When carbon dioxide reacts with water, carbonic acid is formed, increasing the acidity of the system. The carbonic acid can react with the host rock and consequently can alter the rock structure and pore geometry with effects on flow and mechanical properties such as permeability and strength.
Methanation

Methanation is a reaction that converts carbon dioxide to methane through hydrogenation. Specifically, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., nickel, ruthenium, or rhodium), hydrogen and carbon dioxide react at elevated temperatures to produce methane and water. The natural weathering process of ophiolites and ultramafic rocks produces laterite deposits with a nickel content of 1.65 - 2.40%, which can make them methane generating source rocks. Experiments are needed to study under what geological conditions abiotic methane can be generated.
Related Publications
- Malenda, M., Vanorio, T., Mignani, S., Ding, J., & Chung, J. (2021). Rock Physics and Experimentation in Decarbonizing the Future. The Leading Edge, in Special Section: The role of geophysics in a net-zero-carbon world, 245-. https://doi.org/10.1190/tle40040306.1
- Clark, A., MacFarlane, J., & Vanorio, T. (2018). Permeability evolution of a cemented volcanic ash during carbonation and CO2 depressurization. J. GEOPHYS. RES. SOLID EARTH, 123(10). https://agupubs-onlinelibrary-wiley-com.stanford.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1029/2018JB015810
- Miller, K., Vanorio, T., & Keehm, Y. (2017). Evolution of Permeability Due to Rock-Fluid Interaction: Numerically Simulated and Experimentally Measured Dissolution. J. GEOPHYS. RES. SOLID EARTH, 122(6), 4460–4474. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JB013972
- Clark, A., & Vanorio, T. (2016). The rock physics and geochemistry of carbonates exposed to reactive brines. J. GEOPHYS. RES. SOLID EARTH, 121(3), 1497–1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012445
- Grude, S., Dvorkin, J., Clark, A., Vanorio, T., & Landrø, M. (2013). Pressure effects caused by CO2 injection in the Snøhvit Field First Break. GEOPHYSICS, 31(12). https://www.earthdoc.org/content/papers/10.3997/2214-4609.20131604
- Grombacher, D., Vanorio, T., & Ebert, Y. (2012). Time-Lapse NMR, Acoustic, and Transport measurements monitoring dissolution trends of Carbonate Rocks. GEOPHYSICS, 77(3), WA169-WA179. http://library.seg.org/doi/pdf/10.1190/geo2011-0281.1
- Vanorio, T., Nuir, A., & Ebert, Y. (2011). Rock Physics Analysis and Time-Lapse Imaging of Geochemical effects Due to the Injection of CO2 into Reservoir Rocks. GEOPHYSICS, 76(5), 23-33. http://library.seg.org/doi/pdf/10.1190/geo2010-0390.1
- Vialle, S., & Vanorio, T. (2011). Laboratory measurements of elastic properties of carbonate rocks during injection of reactive CO2‐saturated water. GEOPHYS. RES. LETT., 38(1), L01302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045606
- Vanorio, T., Mavko, G., Vialle, S., & Spratt, K. (2010). The Rock Physics Basis for 4D Seismic Monitoring of CO2 Fate: Are we there Yet?. THE LEADING EDGE, Special Section: CO2 Sequestration, 29(2), 156-162. https://doi-org.stanford.idm.oclc.org/10.1190/1.3304818
Related People
